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What is a Cyber Threat?
For a cyber security expert, the Oxford Dictionary definition of cyber threat is a little lacking: "the possibility of a malicious attempt to damage or disrupt a computer network or system." This definition is incomplete without including the attempt to access files and infiltrate or steal data.
In this definition, the threat is defined as a possibility. However, in the cyber security community, the threat is more closely identified with the actor or adversary attempting to gain access to a system. Or a threat might be identified by the damage being done, what is being stolen or the Tactics, Techniques and Procedures (TTP) being used.
Types of Cyber Threats
In 2012, Roger A. Grimes provided this list, published in Infoworld, of the top five most common cyber threats:
- Social Engineered Trojans
- Unpatched Software (such as Java, Adobe Reader, Flash)
- Phishing
- Network traveling worms
- Advanced Persistent Threats
But since the publication of this list, there has been widespread adoption of several different types of game-changing technology: cloud computing, big data, and adoption of mobile device usage, to name a few.
In September 2016, Bob Gourley shared a video containing comments from Rand Corporation testimony to the House Homeland Security Committee, Subcommittee on Cyber security, Infrastructure Protection and Security Technologies regarding emerging cyber threats and their implications. The video highlights two technology trends that are driving the cyber threat landscape in 2016:
- Internet of things – individual devices connecting to internet or other networks
- Explosion of data – stored in devices, desktops and elsewhere
Today, the list of cyber threats may look more like this, and cyber threats are typically composed of a combination of these:
- Advanced Persistent Threats
- Phishing
- Trojans
- Botnets
- Ransomware
- Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS)
- Wiper Attacks
- Intellectual Property Theft
- Theft of Money
- Data Manipulation
- Data Destruction
- Spyware/Malware
- Man in the Middle (MITM)
- Drive-By Downloads
- Malvertising
- Rogue Software
- Unpatched Software
Unpatched software, seemingly the simplest vulnerability, can still lead to the largest leaks, such as the case of Panama Papers.
Sources of Cyber Threats
In identifying a cyber threat, more important than knowing the technology or TTP, is knowing who is behind the threat. The TTPs of threat actors are constantly evolving. But the sources of cyber threats remain the same. There is always a human element; someone who falls for a clever trick. But go one step further and you will find someone with a motive. This is the real source of the cyber threat.
Most Common Sources of Cyber Threats
- Nation states or national governments
- Terrorists
- Industrial spies
- Organized crime groups
- Hacktivists and hackers
- Business competitors
- Disgruntled insiders
Cyber Threat Intelligence is Necessary for Enterprises
Advanced threat actors such as nation-states, organized cyber criminals and cyber espionage actors represent the greatest information security threat to enterprises today. Many organizations struggle to detect these threats due to their clandestine nature, resource sophistication, and their deliberate "low and slow" approach to efforts. For enterprises, these more sophisticated, organized and persistent threat actors are seen only by the digital traces they leave behind. For these reasons, enterprises need visibility beyond their network borders into advanced threats specifically targeting their organizations and infrastructure. This is known as threat intelligence.
Cyber threat researchers can begin by knowing a background profile of assets beyond the network border and being aware of offline threats such as those reported here by Luke Rodenheffer of Global Risk Insights. They should then monitor mission-critical IP addresses, domain names and IP address ranges (e.g., CIDR blocks). This can grant advanced warning while adversaries are in the planning stages. With this enhanced visibility, you can gain improved insight into ongoing exploits, identification of cyber threats and the actors behind them. This allows you to take proactive steps to defend against these threats with an appropriate response.
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