Types of Hackers

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The concept of persons wearing white and black hats by the nature of their intentions – either good or evil – originates from the Western genre of movies. For example, the white-black dichotomy is clearly visible in Sergio Leone’s Once Upon a Time in the West where the good guy, Charles Bronson, is wearing a white hat and the villain, Henry Fonda, has a preference for darker colors.

An individual who is hired by an organization to provide ethical hacking or penetration testing as a service is referred to as a “white hat” hacker. Such hackers gain access to a computer system that does not belong to them, but they do so only after they have obtained the owner’s permission. Once a white hat hacker takes advantage of system vulnerabilities that allow him to conduct a cyber attack, he is ethically (and often contractually) obliged to reveal these vulnerabilities directly and solely to the owner. Also, it is against a white hat hacker’s professional ethics to misuse information he knows, for instance, to keep the existence of a vulnerability in his employer’s system secret so that he can use it for his own personal gain later on. A black hat hacker is likely to do such thing.

To summarize, organizations hire white hat hackers, who are also known as ethical hackers, to hack into their corporate information system, using penetration testing techniques, to remediate security omissions and improve the overall cyber security defenses.

White hat hackers may resort to social engineering to test a company’s cybersecurity because this is a common technique used by black hat hackers in the real world. By performing social engineering scams, a white hat hacker may end up gaining access to confidential information after he has used someone else’s credentials he had stolen before that. In the end, the hacker may be prosecuted for breaches of different data legislations which prohibit taking advantage of customer or employee information.

Another method to worm your way into corporate matters is through companies’ business partners. Big corporations rely on a long supply chain – a well-known fact. Despite their best efforts to secure everything from the bottom to the top, there are always weaker links. Just think of the Target case.. Therefore, an ethical hacker may want to penetrate into an associate company first so that he can get inside information, which is then used for gaining a foothold into the main target. However, unless these business partners have been covered by the scope of the penetration test, the ethical hacker may have overstepped the thin line between legal and illegal.

Moreover, the “my-hands-are-clean” principle introduced by Pontius Pilate, among other historical figures, is applicable here as well – every organization that has granted permission to pentesters to do their job is more or less free to claim that it has taken “better than best efforts” to improve its cyber security. Presumably, such a claim is accompanied by a nicely polished report that identifies weaknesses and according to recommendations.

Consequently, although the majority of companies believe that the mere act of authorizing an ethical hacker to test an organization’s defenses is per se legal, it is still a gray area not sufficiently regulated. Without pen tests carried out by ethical hackers, however, how would a business entity be able to identify weaknesses and improve defensive capabilities against real cyber criminals (i.e., the black hats)? In that sense, these activities are a necessary business service. To be on the safe side, a pentester needs to ensure that:

1. he has a valid, written, signed and plain form of authorization to conduct pen tests on an organization;
2. the scope and other important terms and conditions are clearly set out in a contract – for example, how the pentester will deal with proprietary or confidential information, which networks, systems, and branches are to be part of the pen test, usage of tools, damage control, report requirements, etc.;
3. he strictly adheres to the terms of the contract at all times and observes the law.

Much like the Yin-Yang dualism, black hat hackers are the evil twins of the white hat hackers. The term was coined by Richard Stallman to illustrate the contrast between the maliciousness demonstrated by criminal hackers and the spirit of playfulness and exploration of hacker culture presented by white hat hackers, who carry out hacker activities to identify places to repair. Black hat hackers’ motives also differ, ranging from hacking into systems just for fun (e.g., script kiddies) to committing financially motivated computer-related crimes (e.g., DDoS attacks or ransomware). They practice the same profession, yet they practice it in violation of all kinds of ethics and norms (expert for maybe some personal code of ethics).

Black hats perform cyber attacks and other illegal activities; thus, simply put, they are computer criminals. Unsurprisingly, the black hat hackers are the types of hackers on which the media like to focus. Not a week goes by without we hearing or reading news about some mischiefs committed by malicious hackers, whether that will be a hacking story with a political nuance (e.g., How Anonymous hacked Donald Trump), corporate hacking (e.g., Anthem, Target), celebrity hacking (e.g., Sony Pictures Entertainment or other embarrassing photo leaks), or hacking that concerns consumers (practically every case that has something to do with stealing consumer data, such as Anthem, Target, Ashley Madison, etc.).

Sometimes a black hat hacker is an accessory to a crime, as in cases where he finds a brand new, “zero-day” cybersecurity weakness and then sells it to the actual wrongdoer on the darknet; the buyer might be a criminal cybergang specializing in a particular kind of cyber crime, for instance, intellectual property theft.

The L0pht hacker group first mentioned the term gray hat in 1998. A gray hat hacker undertakes acts considered as borderline illicit – you never know what is the nature of his game. To have a better grasp of the controversy called gray hat hackers, imagine how you would feel if an unknown person(s) compromises your computer system, without obtaining first permission from you, out of a desire to show you what you need to do to fix the backdoors he has taken advantage of. You would wonder whether to turn in this person to the authorities or thank him vehemently, wouldn’t you?

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